Study

This 2-credit seminar will provide an introduction to the field of “transitional justice,” which emerged in the late 1970s to provide guidance for previously authoritarian and communist countries in Latin American and Eastern Europe that were undergoing transitions to democracy. Since then, the field has grown rapidly and now refers to a much broader range of processes and mechanisms that have been developed to help societies respond to war crimes or other major violations of human rights that occur during armed conflicts, under the rule of authoritarian regimes, or other episodes of major violence and unrest. The objectives of transitional justice vary between contexts and include: providing redress for victims and accountability for perpetrators (while recognizing that these are not binary categories and the same person can be both a victim and a perpetrator), promoting peaceful coexistence between previously adversarial groups, and addressing the structural root causes of violence in order to prevent its recurrence in the future. 

The seminar will begin with an overview of the strengths and weaknesses of the major transitional justice tools: negotiated peace agreements, amnesties and pardons, domestic prosecutions, international criminal law and other international justice mechanisms, lustration laws and other processes for “vetting” of former regime or rebel group personnel, truth and reconciliation commissions, as well as customary, non-state, and community-based justice mechanisms. We will then compare and contrast important historical and contemporary case studies including post-Civil War Reconstruction in the United States, the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials after World War II, Iraq, Rwanda, South Africa, South Sudan, and Ukraine in conversation with practitioner guest speakers.

The second half of the semester will engage with important critiques and limitations of the field including its reliance on Eurocentric concepts of justice that are not necessarily universal. Transitional justice efforts have focused disproportionately on what are often characterized as “tribal,” “ethnic,” and “sectarian” conflicts in the Middle East and Africa, but have paid considerably less attention to the enduring legacies of colonial and white supremacist violence in North America. Transitional justice also tends to prioritize accountability for some forms of violence, conflict, and crime over others. For example, compensation is often provided for victims of lethal violence (e.g., “condolence” payments made by the U.S. military in Iraq and Afghanistan to family members of civilians killed in airstrikes) but not for other forms of non-lethal harm such as sexual violence. We will also explore the importance of different types of data and evidence both for documenting international crimes and other forms of injustice and harm that transitional justice processes seek to address, and for empirically evaluating the effectiveness of transitional justice and peacebuilding programs that have been implemented in recent years. Students will come away from the seminar with a strong understanding of the primary tools and mechanisms for transitional justice, knowledge of important cases, and awareness of the major debates and critiques that have shaped the field. 

Students can choose one of three options to fulfill the course requirements: 

5 short response papers on weekly readings of approximately 1,500 words each (most students choose this option)

1 research design proposal of approximately 20 pages for an original research project using any empirical methods (e.g., qualitative, quantitative, archival) including draft Institutional Review Board (IRB) protocol (required for research with human subjects such as interviews, surveys, or participant observation). 

Law students have the option of writing a 30-page research paper on a topic relevant to transitional justice, broadly defined, to fulfill the JD Substantial Research and Writing Project Requirement (S

RWP). 

This 2-credit seminar will provide an introduction to the field of “transitional justice,” which refers to a broad range of processes and mechanisms that have been developed to respond to major violations of human rights that often occur during armed conflicts, under the rule of authoritarian regimes, or in divided societies where a dominant ethnic, racial, or religious group has systematically persecuted members of a minority or other marginalized group. Transitional justice seeks to achieve one or more of the following objectives depending on the context: providing redress for victims and accountability for perpetrators through judicial or non-judicial mechanisms (while recognizing that these are not binary categories and the same person can be both a victim and a perpetrator), repairing damaged relationships between offenders and victims (also known as “restorative justice”), promoting peaceful coexistence between previously adversarial groups, truth-telling and memorialization of the historical record of human rights violations, and legal or political reforms that address the root causes of the conflict in order to prevent its recurrence in the future. The seminar will also explore the importance of different types of data or evidence both for documenting international crimes and other forms of injustice and harm that transitional justice processes seek to address, and for empirically evaluating the effectiveness of peacebuilding programs that have been implemented in Iraq, Chile, and other contexts.

The seminar will also engage with important critiques and limitations of the field of transitional justice, which has historically been dominated by scholars and institutions from the Global North, and by Eurocentric concepts of justice that are not necessarily universal. Contemporary transitional justice efforts have focused disproportionately on what are often described as “tribal,” “ethnic,” and “sectarian” conflicts in the Middle East and Africa, but have paid considerably less attention to the enduring legacies of colonial and white supremacist violence in North America. Transitional justice also tends to prioritize accountability for some forms of violence, conflict, and crime over others. For example, compensation is often provided for victims of lethal violence (e.g., “condolence” payments made by the U.S. military in Iraq and Afghanistan to family members of civilians killed in airstrikes) but not for other forms of non-lethal harm such as sexual violence. Students will come away from the seminar with a strong understanding of the primary tools and mechanisms for transitional justice (e.g., trials, truth and reconciliation commissions, compensation), key historical case studies including Iraq, Rwanda, and the United States, and important debates and critiques that have shaped the field.

Students can choose one of three options to fulfill the course requirements: 

• A research paper of approximately 20-25 pages* 
• 5 short response papers on weekly readings (approximately 1,500 words each)
• POLSCI or LAW: 1 research design proposal for an original research project using any empirical methods (e.g., qualitative, quantitative, archival) including draft Institutional Review Board (IRB) protocol (required for research with human subjects such as interviews, surveys, or participant observation)

*LAW students will have an option to satisfy the JD Upper Level Writing Requirement through extension of the paper to 30 pages.